Understanding the Different Types of HPV: A Guide to Your Sexual Wellbeing

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a common virus that is often misunderstood. If you have recently received a diagnosis or are looking to better understand your health, it is normal to feel uncertain. HPV is very common, and in most cases, it is managed naturally by the immune system without causing long-term problems.

This guide explains the different types of HPV, the distinction between low-risk and high-risk types, and what this means for your health.

What is Human Papillomavirus (HPV)?

HPV is a group of over 200 related viruses. It is so common that most sexually active people will be exposed to at least one type during their lifetime. In many cases, the immune system clears or suppresses the virus without symptoms.

HPV types are broadly categorised based on the conditions they are associated with.

Low-Risk Types of HPV

Low-risk types do not cause cancer but can lead to benign (non-cancerous) skin changes. 

HPV 6 and 11
These types are responsible for approximately 90% of genital warts. While warts can be uncomfortable or distressing, they are not dangerous. 

Symptoms
Genital warts may appear as small, flesh-coloured growths in the genital or anal area. They can be flat, raised, or have a cauliflower-like appearance.

If you notice new skin changes, clinical assessment is recommended to confirm the diagnosis and discuss management options.

High-Risk Types of HPV

High-risk HPV types can cause changes in cells (dysplasia). If infection persists over time, these changes may increase the risk of cancer, including cervical, anal, penile, and oropharyngeal cancers. 

HPV 16 and 18
These are the most well-studied high-risk types and are responsible for the majority of HPV-related cancers. 

Other Strains
These include types such as 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58. 

The Important Distinction
Testing positive for a high-risk HPV type does not mean you have cancer. In most cases, the immune system clears or controls the infection.

Cancer develops only in a small proportion of individuals, typically after persistent infection over many years. This is why monitoring and screening are effective.

HPV Testing and Cervical Screening in the UK

HPV often causes no symptoms, particularly high-risk types.

Cervical Screening (Smear Test)
In the UK, the primary method for detecting high-risk HPV is through the NHS Cervical Screening Programme. Samples are first tested for HPV; if present, they are then assessed for cell changes.

Targeted Testing
In selected cases, testing may be considered for specific anatomical sites (e.g. anal HPV testing in higher-risk groups). Routine testing outside established screening programmes is not always indicated and should be guided by clinical assessment.

Prevention and Protection: How to Stay Healthy

The Gardasil 9 Vaccine
The HPV vaccine (Gardasil 9) protects against the types most commonly associated with genital warts and HPV-related cancers. It is most effective before exposure but may still offer benefit later.

The Importance of Regular Screenings
Attending cervical screening when invited is one of the most effective ways to prevent cervical cancer.

Lifestyle Factors and HPV Clearance
Nicotine use is associated with the persistence of HPV, particularly in the cervix. General health and immune function also play a role in viral clearance.

Finding Support and Confidential Sexual Health Services

Sexual health concerns can feel personal, but support is available. Services in the UK operate under strict confidentiality standards, ensuring your information is protected.

If you have symptoms, questions about HPV, or concerns about screening or vaccination, seeking professional advice can help guide appropriate next steps.